This increased satisfaction boosts continual drive for success, even with mishaps, the mentality of individuals has been changed to a higher level of output and thinking.įigure 1: Comparing the relationship between Strategic misrepresentation (deception) and optimism bias (delusion) through factors of knowledge and corpooration and governmental power The study found that when individuals succeed, they attribute their success to their personal traits. Not only are potential higher target reached, but self-satisfaction is drastically increased no matter the outcome as noted by Psychologists Margaret Marshall and John Brown's theory of Optimism Bias, presented by Associate Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience Tali Sharot in a TED talk. Although this sounds negative if not met, increased expectations help people in a corporation and the business its self, grow considerably as the company will continuously strive for potential new feats. An over-confidence in the desired outcome would increase expectations of an individual or company as it is falsely made to look that it is easier to achieve. However, an increased Optimism Bias can be seen as quite a positive aspect of a business plan. Optimism bias can be both positive and negative, for example, an overoptimistic overall outcome of a project's benefits can lead to poor planning, budgeting and other factors in the early stages of the project portfolio. All these factors significantly contribute to the bias, potentially skewing judgement on a project. Factors that contribute to Optimism bias is if an individual or corporation has a more informative view of the desired end state of the project, the cognitive mechanisms in use, the information the individual or company has to begin with and the overall mood of the project scope. This bias refers to the belief that there are reduced negative externalities about a specific situation. Optimism bias by definition is a form of cognitive bias. 4 Setbacks of Reference Class Forecasting.A brief analysis will be given on how it is used in business practice to increase efficiency and a detailed paragraph of the studies' limitations as a theory will also be covered. Through reading this article, a clear and succinct explanation of the strategies and ideas mentioned above will be discussed. The over-arching goal is to reduce cost overrun and benefit shortfall by engaging all aspects to increase forecasting accuracy. The Reference Class Forecasting approach helps by providing a less skewed and opinionated view on a specific subject by using the 'Outside View' instead of the commonly applied 'Inside View'. Through further analysis into the study area, a possible solution to this problem was first found through the use of the Reference Class Forecasting approach. Through his investigation, Flyvbjerg realised that the cost and benefit shortfall of major projects could be better understood by filtering the wide topic into two sub-topics, Optimism Bias and Strategic Misrepresentation. This can happen through a number of factors such as a poor allocation of resources, lacking a sufficient standard of managerial skills, Optimism Bias and Strategic Misinterpretation.Ī Danish geographer by name of Bent Flyvbjerg did research into cost overrun and benefit shortfall of major projects, with additional studies into hypothetical solutions. Through these, sometimes unrealized setbacks, the corporations are not operating at maximum possible efficiency. Multi-National corporations completing large-scale projects face potential high cost overruns and possible overestimations on initial budgets.
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They have the advantage of being rather easy to use, through image-based 3D reconstruction techniques. While trying to reduce costs and working on smaller pieces, on the contrary, digital cameras are commonly used. In the case of large spaces or objects, terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) are preferred because this technology allows collecting a large amount of accurate data very quickly. The digitization process is nowadays greatly simplified thanks to several techniques available that provide 3D data. In this particular field of study, the needs in terms of restoration, conservation, digital documentation, reconstruction or museum exhibitions can be mentioned. Saving three-dimensional information about geometry of objects or scenes tends to be increasingly applied in the conventional workflow for documentation and analysis, of cultural heritage and archaeological objects or sites, for example. After an accuracy assessment of the produced models, the benefits and drawbacks of Kinect v2 compared to the first version of the sensor and then to photogrammetry are discussed. To achieve this goal, a survey of the sensor characteristics as well as a calibration approach are relevant. In this paper, the use of a recent Kinect v2 sensor to reconstruct small objects in three dimensions has been investigated. In that way, the quality of the acquired data represents a major axis. However, due to the technology involved, some questions have to be considered such as, for example, the suitability and accuracy of RGB-D cameras for close range 3D modeling. Since it is possible to obtain point clouds of an observed scene with a high frequency, one could imagine applying this type of sensors to answer to the need for 3D acquisition. The Kinect v1 (Microsoft) release in November 2010 promoted the use of RGB-D cameras, so that a second version of the sensor arrived on the market in July 2014. Because of their limited cost and their ability to measure distances at a high frame rate, such sensors are especially appreciated for applications in robotics or computer vision. In the last decade, RGB-D cameras - also called range imaging cameras - have known a permanent evolution. The Mountain Ascent Subalpine is the lightest weight option of all the models listed. While it’s at the top of the budget with a $2000 price tag, it is a very refined and custom like gun at a price far less than you’ll find other semi custom/custom rifles. Rounding out the new rifle picks for 2019 is the Kimber Mountain Ascent Subalpine. It’s one of the best values out there for a bolt action, Eric says. This rifle has custom elements mixed with standard features and that really allows buyers to get into a semi custom gun at a very reasonable price. Bergara has really dialed in this Premier Highlander to pull the most accuracy possible out of each cartridge offering. Each rifle is guaranteed to produce groups of 1.0 MOA or less at 100 yards. The Premier Highlander is offered in 6.5 Creedmoor, 6.5 PRC, 270 Win, 7MM-08 Rem, 280 AI, 308 Win, 30-06, 7MM Mag, 300 Win Mag and 300 PRC. One of the many highpoints of this rifle, Eric says, is the TriggerTech trigger with two-position safety and Friction Release Technology. The Premier Highlander has a 24-inch fluted barrel with a Sniper Gray Cerakote finish that is very resistant to the elements and a fiberglass stock. Bergara is known for their barrels, as they were a barrel company before they were a rifle company, Eric says. This is another lightweight rifle, under 8 pounds, which leaves plenty of room to mount your scope of choice and still maintain a reasonable weight. Stepping up a little in price, Eric talks the Bergara Premier Highlander ringing in at $1850. Coming in at around $1100, Eric says this rifle really hits the value mark, it’s a $2000 rifle for almost half that price. Offered in a limited number of calibers, the Model Seven can be purchased in 308 Win, 6.5 Creedmoor, 7mm-08 Rem and 243 Win. Even with the HS Precision stock, a well-known target shooting stock, the Model Seven weighs in at just 6 pounds, making it a lightweight field ready rifle. The user adjustable X-Mark Pro trigger on the Model Seven addresses this and allows shooters to maintain tight groups. If you have a long trigger with a lot of creep to overcome, you’re not going to be able to group very well. A trigger is really important for the overall accuracy potential of a rifle, Eric notes. These features allow the Model Seven to see its true accuracy potential. This stock, Eric says, is where the money is in this rifle with an aluminum bedding block. The “SS” in the name points to the Stainless Steel barreled action and the “HS” refers to the HS Precision stock. The compact Model Seven SS HS from Remington is a great offering for 2019. Although the sleek, unique look gives it a higher dollar feel, buyers can actually get into a Weatherby Vanguard Badlands for under $1000 with retail prices coming in under $800. Another standout feature of this rifle, the price point. Eric says you can pick it up in 25-06 Rem, 257 Wby Mag, 270 Win, 30-06 Sprg, 300 Wby Mag, 300 Win Mag, 308 Win, 6.5 Creedmoor, 6.5-300 Wby Mag, 7mm Rem Mag and 7mm-08 Rem. Because there are a variety of different chamber offerings, 11 in fact, the Vanguard Badlands can offer something to every hunter and virtually any game they pursue. The rifle has a push feed action and dual lug one-piece fluted bolt and it also carries the Weatherby guarantee of sub-MOA accuracy and plenty of other great features. It’s a really unique and attractive look. What really distinguishes this rifle from others is its appearance with a Burnt Bronze Cerakote finish on the barreled action and a stock wrapped with Badlands Approach camo. The Weatherby Vanguard Badlands is built in Japan by Howa, a company with a great reputation for building accurate rifles, Eric says. is a distributor (without any obligation to verify) and not a publisher of these comments and responses.īy default, reviews are sorted based on the date of the review and on additional criteria to display the most relevant reviews, including but not limited to: your language, reviews with text, and non-anonymous reviews. does not accept responsibility or liability for any reviews or responses. The opinions expressed in contributions are those of customers and properties and not of. will make an effort to obscure email addresses, telephone numbers, website addresses, social media accounts, and similar details. Attempts to bring down the rating of a competitor by submitting a negative review will not be tolerated. property partners should not post on behalf of guests or offer incentives in exchange for reviews. 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You can review an Accommodation that you booked through our Platform if you stayed there or if you arrived at the property but didn’t actually stay there. Note that guests submit their subscores and their overall scores independently, so there’s no direct link between them. In addition, guests can give separate ‘subscores’ in crucial areas, such as location, cleanliness, staff, comfort, facilities, value for money and free Wi-Fi. To get the overall score that you see, we add up all the review scores we’ve received and divide that total by the number of review scores we’ve received. MYSQL sudo apt install mysql-server php7. Sudo apt install php7.4-curl php7.4-gd php7.4-json php7.4-mbstring php7.4-xmlĪPACHE sudo apt install apache2 libapache2-mod-php7.4 Use this user anywhere you want "root" access.Īlso make sure you're using the latest verion of PHP. GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO WITH GRANT OPTION The best solution is to create a new user for PhpMyAdmin (or use the existing one if it was created during install) and grant it the required privileges. This is ok for the CLI, but it means that PhpMyAdmin and ALL other clients will not be able to use root credentials You can do that for MySQL with: sudo systemctl stop mysql And for MariaDB wtih: sudo systemctl stop mariadb After the database server is stopped, you’ll access it manually to reset the root password. MySQL Have changed their Security Model and root login now requires a sudo. To change the root password, you have to shut down the database server beforehand. So UPDATE user SET plugin="mysql_native_password" WHERE user='root' This unfortunate lack of coordination has caused the incompatibility to affect all PHP applications, not just phpMyAdmin. The best solution is to create a new user for PhpMyAdmin (or use the existing one if it was created during install) and grant it the required privileges. There is a workaround, that is to set your user account to use the current-style password hash method, mysql_native_password. Login at root from the CLI: sudo mysql -u root -pĭue to changes in the MySQL authentication method, PHP versions prior to 7.4 are unable to authenticate to a MySQL 8.0 blah blah blah blah. Mysql> UPDATE user SET authentication_string=password('YOURNEWPASSWORD') WHERE user='root' ĮRROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near '('YOURNEWPASSWORD') WHERE user='root'' at line 1 In the actual ubuntu version it seems that the PASSWORD command is not known. Query for a password change by running the command: sudo passwd root You will be prompted to enter and verify a new password. First, open the terminal using the keyboard shortcut CTRL + ALT + T. Mysql> UPDATE user SET plugin="mysql_native_password" WHERE User='root' Change the Root Password in Ubuntu Option 1: Changing Ubuntu Password in the Command Line To change the sudo password using the sudo command: 1. Mysql> UPDATE user SET authentication_string=PASSWORD("NEWPASSWORD") WHERE user='root' Sudo /usr/sbin/mysqld -skip-grant-tables -skip-networking & In Ubuntu 18.04 there was a good tutorial (several): SERVER BEENDEN: It is always a problem to get the root password to login to the localhost/phpmyadmin. Winner of the RISING STAR Award in the Mobile Star AwardsĪBBYY Business Card Reader easily & simply captures & stores contact from business cards in 25 languages to your iPhone and iPad. Recommended by The New York Times, CNN, The Telegraph, Computer Business Review, Macworld. The app is available in paid version for around Rs 540 approximately but with the kind of performance and features, the application offers and considering its simplicity it is worth spending that money although many more users will join the bandwagon if the prices get a little low.ABBYY Business Card Reader –The World’s Fastest Business Card Scanner & Contact Management App for iPhone and iPad! The application as we said has a neat and very easy to use interface making it very fast to be worked upon. It works flawlessly on both tablets and smartphones but all depends on the camera quality so make sure you at least have a smartphone with an auto focus camera. #PAGE# All in all, we find the ABBYY Business card reader a great utility application. Users can also take simple pictures of the visiting cards and process them later as the application also supports previously taken pictures and takes the same amount of time here as well minus the picture capture time. The app also supports addition of Twitter, Facebook and Linked in data with the contact and also allows users to locate addresses on the mapping application as well but that is only supported in the paid version. And all of this is done at lighting fast speed so that user does not have to spend more than a minute to process and save a visiting card. #PAGE# We tested the application with 15 different cards and the error margin was less than 10 characters in some cards there were even fewer errors. The scanned image or the captured image is also shown along sides the field that is being edited so that correction can be made accurately. Another cool feature of the application is that on the characters where the app has any doubt it will highlight them in red so that it draws immediate attention and user can edit that before saving the contact. Depending on the number of fields on the card, the app will then allocate details and present the final image before you. Indeed, it is one of the fastest card reader app we have seen so far. The app takes less than 10 seconds to capture and process the photograph. Now all you need to do is place a business card on a table or hold it in your hand and select the option take photo. After that select the storage for contact which is between Google and the device and that takes care of the setup part for the application. The application has support for 19 international languages. #PAGE# To start using it all you need is to go to the options tab and select the preferred language, which by the way are in plenty. The app opens up with three broad options on the page – take photo, open photo and options. Post installation, the application will be in the first few names on your device, all thanks to the name which starts with ‘A’ which makes it easier to access especially if you have a lot of apps installed on your device. But make sure you look at all the terms and conditions before downloading the application. On WiFi the application takes about 5 minutes to download and install on the device which of course is not such a big pain even for the busiest person considering the kind of utility this application offers. #PAGE# The ABBYY business card reader is available in both paid and free versions on the Android marketplace, which is now known as the Google Play Store and it requires a high speed internet connection to download the big 27 MB file package. ABBYY, one of the most renowned names in OCR (Optical Character Recognition) technology based products, has recently come out with a business card reader application for Android devices. These applications scan the business cards and make digital copies of them which can be updated in the address book straight away without having to worry about the losing the physical card itself. So there is a simple solution – business card reader. But the problem with business cards is that in today’s fast moving life no one is ready to carry a ton of visiting cards with him while on the move. Even though technologies like NFC and Bluetooth are there which can help users easily transfer their contacts with other people, physical visiting cards are still the preferred way to initiate a contact. Grigori, Adeline, Chandra Nalaar, Deidama, Arlinn Kord, Teferi, Kaya, Sorin Markov, Edgar Markov The cards that represent the Story Spotlights in Crimson Vow are: Blood and famine, violence and peace-In eternal life and through moment's struggle, the two shall rule this land until its people are no more. "The bride pledges her heart to the groom and he, his undying affection to her. Olivia Voldaren is the bride, and aims to form a pact with the Markovs to take control over Innistrad. This set features the biggest vampire wedding in Innistrad history, a bonding between the Markov and Voldaren bloodlines. As humanity turned to the hope of rituals and a Harvesttide festival to save them from the Eternal Night in Midnight Hunt, those that stalk from shadows aren't just the mindless zombies and frenetic werewolves, but also the eternally undead with calculating, grand designs of their own. Storyline Ĭrimson Vow continues the new Innistrad storyline begun in Innistrad: Midnight Hunt. Going forward, if a spell or ability is creating a token without specifying its name, the name will be the same as its subtypes plus the word "Token." For example, a "Goblin Scout creature token" is named "Goblin Scout Token." Similarly, the name of a Blood token created in the game is "Blood Token" and choosing the name "Blood" (as in Flesh // Blood) for an effect will not cause that effect to apply to Blood tokens. Rules change Ī change to how token naming works avoids that you can name Blood tokens with Pithing Needle. The spikey "fang" showcase cards with gothic architecture elements feature each of the 30 vampires in the main set, as well as Sorin the Mirthless. The black and white horror movie inspired "Eternal Night" showcase cards are all basic lands and legendary creatures that aren't a Vampire. Draft boosters include two guaranteed double-faced cards, one at common and one at a higher rarity, as in Midnight Hunt. Midnight Hunt and Crimson Vow both have the same number of single-faced and double-faced commons (90 SFC/10 DFC), uncommons (60/23), rares (53/11), and mythic rares (15/5). They were given out at Innistrad: Double Feature WPN Premium events. The latter differ from their "Eternal Night" counterparts in that they lack colored accents. #408-412 are promo basic lands labeled "The Moonlit Lands". The are no FNM-treatment cards available for this set. The Buy-a-Box card is #403 and the Bundle promo is #404. The regular framed basic land cards from the Bundle are numbered #398-402. Borderless planeswalkers are numbered #278-280, borderless dual lands are #281-285, "Fang frame" showcase cards are numbered #286-316, "Eternal Night" showcase legendaries are #317-328, reskinned Dracula cards are #329-345 and extended artwork cards are numbered #346-397. Alternate card frames have another card number than the original version. Each type has two different pieces of black-and-white art with colored accents. The regular cards include 10 "Eternal Night" basic lands. Innistrad: Crimson Vow contains 277 regular cards (100 commons, 83 uncommons, 64 rares, 20 mythic rares, 10 basic lands) and includes randomly inserted premium versions of all cards. This will be further explored as the sets are reprinted in the Innistrad: Double Feature set that will be released in early 2022. The two sets are synergistic and overlap in spots. The sets are designed to draft by themselves, but they also will draft well together. Although they come out only two months apart in the latter part of 2021, R&D is not changing how many sets are being added to Standard during the rotation window, but just shifted the timing around slightly. īoth Innistrad sets are full size sets and they are both are Standard- legal. This was finally confirmed on March 18, 2021. Based on the registration of public domains on September 18, 2020, the final name was speculated to be Innistrad: Crimson Vow. The set was announced with the provisional name Innistrad: Vampires on September 1, 2020. The codename for Innistrad: Crimson Vow ("Clubs") deviates from the regular alphabetic sports naming convention, because the set was conceived after the following codenames were already established. Crimson Vow Key art, featuring Sorin Markov I am talking about others that never work. Pustynia Mojave Mojave (Mohave) pustynia w Stanach Zjednoczonych, pooona w wikszoci we wschodniej czci stanu Kalifornia, a take w stanach Utah, Nevada i Arizona, w poudniowej czci Wielkiej Kotliny. The new version improves support for Mojave, particularly for Dark Mode. I have many shortcuts that are working fine already. Ergonis Software today announced Typinator 7.8, a new version of their highly acclaimed text expander. From email templates to code snippets to website URLs, theres no easier way to recreate repetitive text. With Typinator, you can store commonly used text and images in quick keywords and abbreviations. You can buy an individual license for 25 Euros, about 28 USD as of this writing. Weve all faced projects that require repetitive typing tasks. Pricing: Typinator does not have a monthly subscription fee. Similar questions on the Communities talk about them not working at all. Speedy and reliable text expansion solution. That helps for some keywords but others require specific shortcut otherwise I will have to memorize a big deal of non-sense shortcuts. One may think that I can choose another shortcut that's working. It’s a 2.4 MB download, and a universal binary it requires Mac OS X 10.3.9 or later, but 10.4 is recommended. I don't want to use 3rd party software because I want the shortcuts to be synced with my iPhone and iPad Pro as well. Typinator costs 20 for a two-year license, meaning that two years after you purchase your license, if you want to take advantage of any subsequent upgrades, you must pay an additional fee. I will not do that - it doesn't make any sense to do it. The only thing I have never tried is wiping out the Mac and reinstalling the OS. Removing the whole list of shortcuts by creating a plist, restarting the Mac, and adding the list. Same as the previous one but restarting the Mac before adding the shortcut again. Removing the shortcut and adding it again. Signing out of all devices and signing in again. Of course, with a few substantial differences and upgrades along the way. No recurring monthly fee after that (though they do charge an optional 8.99 fee to upgrade to a new version every few years). Overall, macOS 10.15 Catalina is remarkably similar to Mojave. I am using a MacBook Pro 16in, 2019 edition. There's a 19.99 one-off payment and that's it. They are working fine and fast on my iPhone and iPad. I simply type them and they never get replaced. The issue is simply that some (not all) text replacement shortcuts are not working. You can install the Typinator Set that I use to make this expansions in a repository here alongside few other Sets I have made that you can read more about in an article here.Text Replacement Not Woking (macOS Monterey 12.3) I have been suffering from this issue for years now and every single update, I truly wish it will be fixed. It actually makes me use my calendar more often which is great. Write them out once in your favorite text expansion app and enjoy your saved time. Here are some more that I use:Īnd the list goes on. I hope you are starting to get a point in how easy it is to make these expansions to make sense phonetically. i2w = in two weeks ( i for in, 2w for two weeks).nfri = next friday ( n for next, fri for friday).tfri = this friday ( t for this, fri for friday). I do also use Keyboard Maestro and sometimes manage to have Typinator and KM collaborate together. Here is a list of expansions I have and use frequently: I’m using Typinator it does many cool tricks, is easy to setup for non programmers and works perfectly with Obsidian. And you can make these kind of expansions for every other kind of date you can get. So instead of typing the whole : ”breakfast in two hours for 1 hour /foo”. The mason jar method, where you put heavy cream in a jar, seal it, and then shake to whip it, technically works, but it’s definitely my least favorite of the bunch, and I only recommend it under pretty specific circumstances. Cons: Takes longer, especially when using just a whisk.Can whip even small amounts of cream and you have better control over the consistency of the final product since you can monitor it more closely. Pros: More convenient to pull out than a bulky stand mixer and much cheaper. Making Whipped Cream With a Bowl and Whisk (or Handheld Mixer)īecause I make so many small-batch recipes, this is actually the method I use most often since it works well with almost any amount of cream. My model’s limit is anything under about ½ cup of cream. Depending on your stand mixer, it may not be able to handle whipping small amounts of cream. It’s easy to whip your cream too much and accidentally start to make butter.
The second contribution of this dissertation performs whole-stack optimizations on software-based network functions deployed on top of modular packet processing frameworks to further enhance the effectiveness of cache memories. This is an important achievement as it increases the probability of realizing bounded and predictable latency for Internet services. By doing so, we reduce the tail latencies of such systems running at 100 Gbps. The first contribution of this dissertation takes a step toward optimizing the cache performance of time-critical NFV service chains. The main focus is to improve the performance of packet processing done by the network functions deployed on commodity hardware, known as network functions virtualization (NFV), which is one of the significant sources of latency for Internet services. This doctoral dissertation describes our attempts to reduce the latency of Internet services by carefully studying the multi-hundred-gigabit-per-second commodity hardware, optimizing it, and improving its performance. However, the current cloud infrastructure is unsuitable for these applications since it cannot satisfy these requirements due to many limitations in both hardware and software. Among these modern cloud-based applications, many societal applications require bounded and predictable low-latency responses. Our experimental results show that MiddleNet achieves high performance in such a unified environment.īy virtue of the recent technological developments in cloud computing, more applications are deployed in the cloud. MiddleNet supports flow-dependent packet processing by leveraging Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) to dynamically select the packet processing needed (Layers 2 - 7). The overheads for MiddleNet in L4/L7 are strictly load-proportional, without needing the dedicated CPU cores of DPDK-based approaches. MiddleNet fully exploits the event-driven capabilities of the extended Berkeley Packet Filter (eBPF) and seamlessly integrates it with shared memory for high-performance communication in L4/L7 middlebox function chains. To support L4/L7 middlebox functionality, MiddleNet utilizes a consolidated, kernel-based protocol stack for processing, avoiding a dedicated protocol stack for each function. MiddleNet uses the Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK) library for zero-copy packet delivery without interrupt-based processing, to enable the "bump-in-the-wire" L2/元 processing performance required of NFV. MiddleNet supports function chains that are essential in both NFV and middlebox environments. This paper proposes MiddleNet that develops a unified network resident function framework that supports L2/元 NFs and L4/L7 middleboxes. L2/元 NFs and L4/L7 middleboxes continue to be handled by distinct platforms on different nodes. On the other hand, L4/L7 middleboxes, which have a greater emphasis on functionality, take advantage of a full-fledged kernel-based system. They often use DPDK for zero-copy delivery and high performance. However, L2/元 network functions (NFs) are being implemented on Network Function Virtualization (NFV) platforms that extensively exploit kernel-bypass technology. Traditional network resident functions (e.g., firewalls, network address translation) and middleboxes (caches, load balancers) have moved from purpose-built appliances to software-based components. By comprehensively surveying different approaches toward FGTA, we introduce their input traffic data, elaborate on their operating principles by different use cases, indicate their limitations and countermeasures, and raise several promising future research avenues. To help scholars and developers research and advance this technology, in this survey paper, we examine the literature that deals with FGTA, investigating the frontier developments in this domain. It plays a critical role in intrusion and anomaly detection, quality of experience investigation, user activity inference, website fingerprinting, location estimation, etc. Nowadays, with the increasingly complex Internet architecture, the increasingly frequent transmission of user data, and the widespread use of traffic encryption, FGTA is becoming an essential tool for both network administrators and attackers to gain different levels of visibility over the network. Different from traditional TA, FGTA approaches are usually based on sophisticated classification approaches such as machine learning and high-dimensional clustering, enabling them to discover subtle differences between different network traffic sets. Fine-grained traffic analysis (FGTA), as an advanced form of traffic analysis (TA), aims to analyze network traffic to deduce information related to application-layer activities, fine-grained user behaviors, or traffic content, even in the presence of traffic encryption or traffic obfuscation. |